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F 1f TABLE6 K 8 8 > 7 7 ; 9 ? 7 C 8
G 8 K 7 V V 7 U ; U ? U C V G U K U s s t s s s s # s ' s + s / s 3 s 7 s ! ; s " ? s # C s $ G s % K s & æ ' æ ( æ ) æ * æ + æ , æ - # æ . ' æ / + æ 0 / æ 1 3 æ 2 7 æ 3 ; æ 4 ? æ 5 C æ 6 G æ 7 K æ 8 » 9 » : » ; » < » = » > » ? # » @ ' » A + » B / » C 3 » D 7 » E ; » F ? » G C » H G » I K » J ╬ K ═ L ═ M ═ N ═ O ═ P ═ Q ' ═ R ⌡ S δ T δ U δ V δ W δ X # δ Y ' δ Z + δ [ / δ \ 3 δ ] 7 δ ^ ; δ _ ? δ ` C δ a G δ b c d e f g h # i ' j + k / l 3 m 7 n ; o ? p C q G r Element Name: Hydrogen Atomic Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Weight: 1.00794 Electronic Configuration: 1 Hydrogen is a gaseous element that was first discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. It is the first element on the Periodic table, and exhibits the following characteristics: it is colorless, tasteless, odorless, slightly ìsoluable in water, and hihgly explosive. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and serves as the fuel for the fusion reactions in Stars. Normal hydrogen is diatomic. Atmospheric Hydrogen has three isotopes: Protium (one proton in nucleus), Deuterium (one proton and one neuton in nucleus), and tritium (one proton and two neutrons). Uses for Hypdrogen: Welding, The synthesis of Ammonia, and as a Rocket Fuel. Element Name: Helium Atomic Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Weight: 4.00260 Electronic Configuration: 2 Helium is a gaseous element that was first observed spectroscopically in the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1868. Helium is an inert gas. It exhibits the following characteristics: it is colorless, noncombustible, and buoyant. Helium is the end product of fusion processes in stars. Uses for Helium: Deep sea diving, Low temperature work, arc welding, and gas discharge lasers. Element Name: Lithium ìAtomic Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Weight: 6.941 Electronic Configuration: 2 1 Lithium is a metallic element discovered in 1817 by J. A. Arfvedson. Lithium is a soft, silver white corrosive alkali metal. Lithium is the least dense of all metals. Uses for Lithium: Lubricating compounds, Special glasses, Ceramic glazes, brazing and welding fluxes, plastics and rubber preparation, as an antidepressant, and in batteries. Element Name: Beryllium Atomic Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.01218 Electronic Configuration: 2 2 Beryllium is a metallic element discovered in 1828 independently by Freidrich Wohler and Antoine Bussy. Beryllium is a silver gray alkaline earth metal that is light, strong, corrosion resistant, and possessed of a high melting point. Uses for Beryllium: Window material for X-Ray tubes, a shield and moderator for nuclear reactors. Key To Hypertext Periodic Table Terms: s Atomic Number t Atomic Symbol u Atomic Weight z Electronic Configuration A General | Explanation Of The Periodic Table Author Element Name: Boron Atomic Symbol: B ìAtomic Number: 5 Atomic Weight: 10.81 Electronic Configuration: 2 3 Boron is a nonmetallic element discovered in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy. Boron occurs in two forms; a dark brown to black amorphus powder, an a jet black to silver gray crystalline metallic form. Of the two forms, the powder is more reactive than the crystalline form. Uses for Boron: Shielding material and control rods for nuclear reactors. Element Name: Carbon Atomic Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Weight: 12.011 Electronic Configuration: 2 4 Carbon is a nonmetallic element that has been known since ancient times. The pure forms of Carbon are: amorphous carbon (Charcoal, coke, coal, lignite, and peat), and the crystals Graphite and Diamond. Carbon has seven isotopes, of them Carbon 12 and 14 are the most significant. Carbon-12 is the basis for atomic weights, and Carbon-14 is used as the basis forarchaeological dating. Uses for Carbon: Element Name: Nitrogen Atomic Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Weight: 14.0067 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 5 Nitrogen is a gaseous element discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Nitrogen exhibits the following characteristics: it is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. Nitrogen is a diatomic gas that is relatively inactive chemically. It is makes up about 78 % by volume of dry air. Uses for Nitrogen: Fertilizers, Explosives, Cyanides, Proteins, and Ammonia Element Name: Oxygen Atomic Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Weight: 15.9994 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 6 Oxygen is a gaseous element discovered independently by Joseph Priestley and Karl Scheele in 1773. Oxygen exhibits the following characteristics: it is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. Oxygen is the most abundant element on Earth, making up about half of the surface material of the Earth, 2/3 of the human body, and 20 % by volume of the air. Oxygen generally takes one of two forms; Diatomic (Normal Atmospheric State), and Ozone (A highly reactive allotrope of Oxygen). Oxygen forms compounds with almost every element, the exceptions being the inert gases. Uses for Oxygen: Steel Production, Oxyacetylene Torches, Medicine, and Rocket Fuel. Element Name: Fluorine Atomic Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 ìAtomic Weight: 18.998403 Electronic Configuration: 2 7 Fluorine is a gaseous element discovered by Henri Moissan in 1886. It is a poisonous yellowish highly corrosive gas. Fluorine is the most chemically active nonmetallic element. Fluorine is also the most electronegative of all elements. Uses for Fluorine: Ceramic and Glass manufacturing, Refrigeration and Air conditioning systems, Teflon production, and as Aerosol propellants. Element Name: Neon ìAtomic Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Weight: 20.179 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 ìNeon is a gaseous element discovered by W. Ramsay and M. W. Travers in 1898. Henri Moissan in 1886. Neon is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless inert gas. One of Neon's chief characteristics is that it emits a red glow when conducting electricity in a tube. Uses for Neon: Advertising Signs, Lasers, Geiger Counters, Particle Detectors, Cryogenic Refrigeration, and high intensity beacons. Element Name: Sodium Atomic Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Weight: 22.98977 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 1 Sodium is a metallic element discovered in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy. It is a silver white alkali metal. It is very reactive, and must be stored out of contact wit air and water. Sodium is essential to man's diet. Sodium compounds that are commonly used include Sodium Chloride (Salt), Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda), Sodium Carbonate (soda ash), and Sodium hydroxide (Lye). Uses for Sodium: Arc Lamp Lighting, As a heat transfer liquid in Nuclear Reactors, and the manufacture of tetraethyl lead. Element Name: Magnesium Atomic Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.305 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 2 Magnesium is a metallic element discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. It is a ductile silver white alkaline earth metal. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Uses for Magnesium: Lightweight alloys, Cameras and other optical instruments, and Pyrotechnics. Element Name: Aluminum Atomic Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Weight: 26.98154 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 3 ìAluminum is a metallic element that was first discovered by Freidrich Wohler in 1827. It is a silver white metal that is very ductile and malleable. Aluminum also conducts both heat and electricity. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust (8% by weight). Aluminum is most commonly gotten from the mineral bauxite. The most common form that it appears in is that of Bauxite. Uses for Aluminum: Paints, Foils, Jewelry, Welding, High tension wiring, and Aircraft construction. Element Name: Silicon Atomic Symbol: Si ìAtomic Number: 14 Atomic Weight: 28.0855 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 4 ì Silicon is a non metallic element that was first discovered by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1824. Silicon has two allotropic forms; brown amorphous, and dark crystalline. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (28 % by weight). Silicon occurs naturally in compound forms such as silica, silicon carbide and silicates. Uses For Silicon: Alloy Strengthening, Semiconductors. Element Name: Phosphorus Atomic Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Weight: 30.97376 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 5 Phosphorus is a non metallic element that was discovered by Hennig Brand in 1674. It is an extremely poisonous, yellowish white, waxy solid. Phosphorous must be stored underwater as it spontaneously ignites in contact with air. The major source for phosphorous is the mineral Apatite. Uses For Phosphorous: Fertilizers, Detergents, Insecticides, Soft Drinks, Toxic Nerve Gases, Pharmaceuticals, and Dentifrices, Element Name: Sulphur ìAtomic Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 ìAtomic Weight: 32.06 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 6 ì Sulphur is a nonmetallic element that has been known since antiquity and first recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier in 1777. Sulphur as a solid is yellow, brittle, odorless, tasteless, and insoluble in water. It is wide spread in minerals and ores, volcanic regions, and large underground deposits. It is also found in conjunction with coal, natural gas and petroleum. Uses For Sulphur: Gunpowder, Matches, Rubber Vulcanization, insecticides, Sulfa drugs, and Sulfuric acid. Element Name: Chlorine Atomic Symbol: Cl ìAtomic Number: 17 Atomic Weight: 35.453 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 7 Chlorine is a gaseous element discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. He mistakenly thought that Chlorine was an oxygen compound. Sir Humphry Davy corrected ìthis mistake by identifying it as an element in 1810. It is a greenish yellow poisonous gas that belongs to the halogen family. Chlorine appears in nature in numerous abundant compounds. It is soluble in water. Uses For Chlorine: Water Purification, As a Disinfectant and Antiseptic, Pesticides, Poison gases, and Medicine. Element Name: Argon Atomic Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Weight: 39.948 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 8 Argon is a gaseous element discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh in 1894. It is an odorless and tasteless inert gas that makes up .93 % of the atmosphere by volume. Uses For Argon: Light Bulbs, Neon Signs, Refining Reactive elements, and in Arc Welding. Element Name: Potassium Atomic Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Weight: 22.98977 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 8 1 Potassium is a metallic element that was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. It is a soft silvery white alkali metal which is extremely reactive. Potassium is the seventh most abundant element in the Earth's crust and the sixth most abundant element in solution in the earth's seas. Uses For Potassium: Fertilizers, Soaps, Explosives, Glass, Baking Powder, Tanning, and Water Purification. Element Name: Calcium Atomic Symbol: Ca ìAtomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight:40.08 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 8 2 Calcium is a metallic element discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. It is a silver white, soft, malleable, alkaline earth metal. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust (3.6 %). Calcium is not found by itself, instead it is found combined with other elements into compounds. These compounds include Apatite, Calcite, and Dolomite. Uses For Calcium: Reducing Agent for the preparation of other metals. Element Name: Scandium ìAtomic Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Weight: 44.9559 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 9 2 Scandium is a metallic element discovered by L. F. Nilson in 1879. It is a soft silver white rare earth metal. Its abundance on earth is relatively limited; it is more common in the sun and certain stars. Uses For Scandium: Nickel Alkaline Storage Batteries, Radioactive Tracers. Element Name: Titanium Atomic Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Weight: 47.88 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 10 2 Titanium is a metallic element that was first discovered by William Gregor in 1791. Titanium is a lustrous, silver white, metal that is very corrosion resistant. It is very ductile in its pure state, and malleable when it is heated. It is wide spread in compounds in nature, and it is present in the sun, other stars, meteorites, and the moon. Uses For Titanium: Lightweight Metals, Pigments. Element Name: Vanadium Atomic Symbol: V Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Weight: 50.9415 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 11 2 Vanadium is a metallic element that was discovered in 1801 by A.M. del Rio. Vanadium is a soft, silver gray metal. It is used to add strength, heat resistance, and toughness to steel alloys. Uses For Vanadium: An additive to Steel, Ceramics, Glass, Dyes, and Catalyst in the chemical industry. Element Name: Chromium Atomic Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Weight: 51.996 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 13 1 Chromium is a metallic element that was discovered in 1797 by L. N. Vauquelin. It is a lustrous silver gray metal that is rare. Chromium is an element that occurs only in compounds, chiefly in Chromite. Chromium is extremely hard and nontarnishing. Uses For Chromium: Plating other metals, Alloys with other metals, Pigments, Tanning, Dyeing. Element Name: Manganese Atomic Symbol: Mn Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Weight: 54.9380 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 13 2 Manganese is a metallic element that was first discovered by J.G. Gahn in 1774. Bearing a resemblance to iron, manganese is pinkish gray and chemically active. Uses For Manganese: It is a Deodorizing and Desulfurizing agent in steel manufacture, Alloy making. Element Name: Iron ìAtomic Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Weight: 55.847 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 14 2 ìIron is a metallic element that is lustrous, ductile, malleable, and silver gray. Iron is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is also easily magnetized and attracted by a magnet. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust (5% by weight), also it is believed to be the major ingredient in the earth's core. Iron is rarely found in its elemental state in nature except in meteorites. Uses For Iron: Dyeing, Pigments, Ink Manufacture, and in Metals production. Element Name: Cobalt Atomic Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Weight: 58.9332 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 15 2 ì Cobalt is a metallic gray element that was discovered in 1735 by Georg Brandt. Cobalt is silver white, lustrous, very hard, and can be magnetized. In nature, cobalt is found combined with other metals in the ores Cobaltite and Smaltite. Uses For Cobalt: Very hard Cutting tools, High strength permanent magnets, Jet engines. Cobalt-60 (Radioactive) is used for cancer therapy and flaw detection in metal parts. Element Name: Nickel Atomic Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Weight: 58.69 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 16 12 Nickel is a metallic element discovered in 1751 by A.F. Cronstedt. Nickel is hard, malleable, ductile, silver white and lustrous metal. Nickel is found in the alloys garnierite, pentlandite, and pyrrhotite. Nickel is also found in meteorites. Nickel adds strength, ductility, and resistance to corrosion and heat when it is incorporated into many alloys. Uses For Nickel: Preparation of Alloys Element Name: Copper Atomic Symbol: Cu Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Weight: 63.546 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 1 Copper is a metallic element that has been known to human since the Bronze Age. It is a reddish, ductile, malleable, metal that is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Copper has a low chemical reactivity. Copper isfound primarily in the ore: Chalcopyrite. Copper first found use to mankind in the alloys: Brass and Bronze. Uses For Copper: Electrical Apparatus, Wire, Roofing, Utensils, Coins, Metalwork, Plumbing, and Refrigerator and Air Conditioner Coils. Element Name: Zinc Atomic Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Weight: 65.38 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 2 Zinc is a lustrous, bluish white, metallic element. It is a fairly reactive metal. Zinc is ductile and malleable when heated. Both plants and animals depend on zinc for growth. Uses For Zinc: Galvanizing iron, Preparation of Alloys, Negative plates in electric batteries, Roofing, and Gutters. Element Name: Gallium Atomic Symbol: Ga Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Weight: 69.72 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 3 Gallium is a metallic element that was discovered by P.E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Gallium has two forms; liquid and solid. As a solid, gallium is blue gray. As a liquid, it is silver. Gallium is chemically similar to aluminum. Uses For Gallium: Transistors, Lasers, Diodes, Semiconductors in general. Element Name: Germanium Atomic Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Weight: 72.59 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 3 Germanium is a semimetallic element that was first isolated by Clemens Winkler in 1886. Germanium is gray white, lustrous, and brittle. It bears both chemical and physical similarities to silicon. Uses For Germanium: Transistors, Semiconductors, Optical Instruments. Element Name: Arsenic Atomic Symbol: As Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Weight: 74.9216 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 5 Arsenic is a semimetallic element that was first described by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century. It is possessed of several different allotropic forms. The most stable is a silver gray brittle crystalline solid that tarnishes in air. The ores that arsenic can be extracted from include Realgar and Arsenopyrite. Uses For Arsenic: Medicine, The manufacture of Lead Shot, and semiconductors. Element Name: Selenium Atomic Symbol: Se ìAtomic Number: 34 Atomic Weight: 78.96 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 6 Selenium is a is a nonmetallic element first discovered by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1817. Uses For Selenium: Electronics, Pigments, Photograph exposure cells, Xerography, solar cells, Element Name: Boron ìAtomic Symbol: B Element Name: Bromine Atomic Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Weight: 79.904 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 7 Bromine is a volatile liquid element ìthat was discovered in 1826 by Antoine J. Balard. It is a member of the halogen family. Bromine is a reddish brown fuming liquid. Bromine is offensive to animal life; its vapors irritating the eyes and membranes in the nose and throat, it also burns the skin upon contact. Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid under normal temperature and pressure. Uses For Bromine: Photographic Film, Flame Retardants, and with an Anti- knock compound in gasoline. Element Name: Krypton Atomic Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Weight: 83.80 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 8 Krypton is a gaseous element discovered by William Ramsay and M.W. Travers in 1898. It is an inert gas. Krypton's (Kr-86) emission spectrum forms the basis for the definition of a meter. Uses For Krypton: Electric Light bulbs, Electronic Devices, Detection of Heart Defects. Element Name: Rubidium Atomic Symbol: Rb ìAtomic Number: 37 Atomic Weight: 85.4678 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 8 1 Rubidium is a metallic element that was discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in 1861. It is a very soft, silver white, alkali metal. Rubidium must be kept isolated from air and water due to its highly reactive nature. Uses For Rubidium: Very Few Commercial uses. Element Name: Strontium Atomic Symbol: Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 8 2 Strontium is a metallic element that for a long time was thought to be a variant form of barium. A. Crawford in 1790 first recognized it as a distinct element. It is a soft silver yellow alkaline earth metal. It must be stored away from air and water. Element Name: Yttrium Atomic Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Weight: 88.9059 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 9 2 Yttrium is a metallic element that was first isolated by Freidrich Wohler in 1828. It is a iron gray rare earth metal. Uses For Yttrium: Red Phosphors for color picture tubes. Element Name: Zirconium Atomic Symbol: Zr Atomic Number: 40 ìAtomic Weight: 91.22 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 10 2 Zirconium is a metallic element that was first discovered by M.H. Klaproth in 1789. Zirconium is a very strong, malleable, ductile, lustrous silver gray metal. it is extremely resistant to heat and corrosion. Uses For Zirconium: Flashbulbs, Uranium fuel cladding in atomic reactors, Ceramic glazes, and as Refractory material for furnaces and crucibles. Element Name: Niobium Atomic Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Weight: 92.9064 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 12 1 Niobium is a metallic element that was discovered in 1801 by Charles Hatchett. Niobium is typically called Columbium by metallurgists. It is a rare soft, malleable, ductile, gray white metal. Uses For Niobium: high temperature resistant alloys, Special Stainless Steels. Element Name: Molybdenum Atomic Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Weight: 95.94 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 13 1 ì Molybendum is a metallic element first discovered as such by Karl Scheele in 1778. It is a hard, ductile, malleable, silver white metal with a high melting point. Uses For Molybendum: X-Ray and Electronic tubes, Electric Furnaces, Missile and Rocket Parts, Steel alloy hardening agent, Lubricant. Element Name: Technetium Atomic Symbol: Tc ìAtomic Number: 43 Atomic Weight: (98) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 13 2 ì Technetium is a manmade radioactive ìelement. It was first discovered in a sample of deuteron bombarded molybendum by C. Perrier and E.G. Segre in 1937. It is a silver gray metal. Although it has not yet been found in nature, the spectra of some stars does indicate its presence. Uses For Technetium: Radioactive tracer studies. Element Name: Ruthenium Atomic Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Weight: 101.07 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 15 1 Ruthenium is a metallic element that was first discovered by G.W. Osann in 1827. It is a hard lustrous silver gray metal. It is typically extracted from platinum ores. Uses For Ruthenium: Ceramics and Glass coloring, In alloys - it provides hardness and corrosion resistance. Element Name: Rhodium Atomic Symbol: Rh Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Weight: 102.9055 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 16 1 Rhodium is a metallic element that was first discovered by William Wollaston in 1804. Rhodium is a silver white lustrous metal. It is both tarnish resistant and chemically resistant. Uses For Rhodium: Jewelry plating, Searchlight Reflectors, In Platinum and Iridium alloys - it gives improved strength and temperature resistance. Element Name: Palladium Atomic Symbol: Pd Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Weight: 106.42 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 0 Palladium is a metallic element discovered by William Wollaston in 1803. Palladium is a lustrous corrosion resistant metal. It has a great ability to absorb hydrogen. Uses For Palladium: Jewelry, Dentistry, Electrical contacts. Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Symbol: Ag Name: Silver Atomic Weight: 107.8682 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 1 Silver is a metallic element that is among one of the first elements to be used by mankind. It is a soft, nearly white, lustrous, very ductile, malleable, and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Silver is refined from the ores: Argentite, Cerarygrite, Pyrargyrite, Stephanite, and Pproustite. Uses For Silver: Plating, Jewelry, Dentistry, Photography, Utensils, Coins, Mirrors. Element Name: Cadmium Atomic Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Weight: 112.41 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 2 Cadmium is a metallic element that was discovered by Freidrich Stromeyer in 1817. It is a silver white, lustrous, ductile, malleable metal. Uses For Cadmium: Electroplated coatings for iron and steel. Element Name: Indium Atomic Symbol: In Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Weight: 114.82 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 3 Indium is a metallic element that was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich and H.T. Richter in 1863. It is soft, malleable, ductile, lustrous, and silver white. Indium will remain liquid over a wide temperature range. Uses For Indium: Corrosion resistant mirrors Element Name: Tin Atomic Symbol: Sn Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Weight: 118.69 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 4 Tin is a metallic element that has been known to man and used by him since the bronze age. Tin is a lustrous, silver, white, very soft, malleable metal. Tin can rolled, pressed, or hammered into very thin sheets. The chief ore is Casserite or tinstone. Uses For Tin: Fungicides, Catalysts, Tin Foil, Coating other metals, Tin compounds are used as mordants for Dyeing, Weighing Silk, reducing agents. Element Name: Antimony Atomic Symbol: Sb Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Weight: 121.75 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 5 Antimony is a semimetallic element that was discovered by Nicolas Lemery in 1707. It is silvery blue white, brittle and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It is also easily powdered. Uses For Antimony: Alloys, Compounds in storage batteries, Cable sheathing, Paint pigments. Element Name: Tellurium ìAtomic Symbol: Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Weight: 127.60 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 6 Tellurium is a semimetallic element that was discovered by Franz Von Reichenstein in 1707. It is a silver white, lustrous, brittle metalloid. Naturally it occurs in Calaverite and Sylvanite. Uses For Tellurium: Catalyst for Petroleum cracking, Steel alloy additive to improve ductility. Element Name: Iodine Atomic Symbol: I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Weight: 126.9045 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 7 Iodine is a non metallic element that was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811. It is the least active of all of the halogens. Iodine is a dark gray to purple black solid. When heated, iodine sublimes directly to the vapor state. Uses For iodine: Medicine, Photography and Chemistry. Element Name: Xenon Atomic Symbol: Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Weight: 131.29 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 8 Xenon is a gaseous element that was discovered by William Ramsay and M.W. Travers in 1898. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, inert gas. Uses For Xenon: Photographic flash lamps, High intensity Arc lamps, high pressure arc lamps, and in Radiation detection equipment. Element Name: Cesium ìAtomic Symbol: Cs Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Weight: 132.9054 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 8 1 Cesium is a metallic element that was discovered by spectroscopy in 1860 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff. It is a ductile, as soft as wax, and silver white. It is the most alkaline element and the most reactive metal. Uses For Cesium: Photoelectric cells, Solar Cells, Optical instruments, Glass and ceramic production, Cancer treatment. Element Name: Barium Atomic Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.33 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 8 2 Barium is a metallic element first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. Barium is a soft, silver white, alkaline earth metal. Its principal ore is Barite. Uses For Barium: Paint Pigments, Rat poison, Drying agents, Pyrotechnics, and Water softening. Lanthanide series elements - #s 57 - 71. Rare Earth Elements. Element Name: Hafnium Atomic Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Weight: 178.49 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 10 2 Hafnium is a metallic element that was discovered by Dirk Coster and Georg ìvon Hevesy in 1923. It is lustrous, silvery and ductile. Chemically it bears similarities to Zirconium. Both zirconium and hafnium are among the most difficult of all elements to separate. Uses For Hafnium: Nuclear reactor control rods. Element Name: Tantalum Atomic Symbol: Ta Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Weight: 180.9479 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 11 2 Tantalum is a rare metallic element that was discovered by A.G. Ekberg in 1802. It is a hard, malleable, very ductile, corrosion resistant, blue gray metal. Uses For Tantalum: Electrolytic capacitors, Chemical equipment, Wire, Abrasives, Dental and surgical instruments. Element Name: Tungsten ìAtomic Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Weight: 183.85 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 12 2 ìTungsten is a metallic element that was first discovered by the de Ellhuyar brothers in 1783. Tungsten or Wolfram as it is also known, is a silver white to steel gray, very hard, ductile, metal. It is one of the most dense of all metals, and has the highest melting point of all metals. Uses For Tungsten: Electronic tubes, Wires, Light bulb filaments, Steel manufacture, Abrasives and cutting tools. Element Name: Rhenium Atomic Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Weight: 186.207 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 13 2 Rhenium is a metallic element that was fist discovered by Walter Nodack and his colleagues in 1925. Rhenium is a very dense, silver white metal with a high melting point. Naturally it occurs in platinum and molybendum ores. Uses For Rhenium: Alloy production. Element Name: Osmium Atomic Symbol: Os Atomic Number: 76 ìAtomic Weight: 190.20 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 14 2 Osmium is a metallic element that was discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1804. Osmium is a very hard dense metal that is brittle, lustrous, and bluish white. Typically it is found in platinum ores. Uses for Osmium: Fountain pen points, Phonograph needles, instrument bearings, Fingerprint detection, Catalysts, and Microscopy. Element Name: Iridium Atomic Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Weight: 192.2 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 15 2 Iridium is a metallic element that was discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1804. It is a very hard, brittle, corrosion resistant metal, that is chemically very unreactive. The international standard for the mass of one kilogram is based on an iridium platinum alloy. Uses For Iridium: Chemical crucibles, Surgical tools, and Pivot Bearings. Element Name: Platinum Atomic Symbol: Pt Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Weight: 195.08 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 16 2 Platinum is a metallic element that has been known in its natural alloy form since antiquity. Platinum is a malleable, ductile, lustrous, silver white metal. Platinum is very inactive chemically. Uses For Platinum: Surgical tools, Laboratory utensils, contact points, standard masses, jewelry, Dentistry, High power magnets, As a catalyst in commercial processes, and in Electrical resistance wires. Element Name: Gold Atomic Symbol: Au Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Weight: 196.9665 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 1 Gold is a metallic element that has been known to mankind since antiquity. It is a chemically inactive element that is very ductile and malleable. It is an excellent conductor of electricity, surpassed only by silver and copper. Naturally gold is found in metallic form as dust, grains, flakes, or nuggets. It also occurs in quartz veins or lodes. Uses For Gold: Jewelry, Money, Decoration, Electrical contacts, Element Name: Mercury Atomic Symbol: Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Weight: 200.59 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 2 Mercury is a metallic element that has ìbeen known since early in man's history. It was used by the Ancient Chinese, Hindus, and Egyptians. It is silver white and mirror like. It is also the only metal that exists as a liquid at room temperature. Mercury is extremely poisonous to both plant and animal life. It has a tendency to work its way through the food chain, poisoning all that it reaches. Uses For Mercury: Barometers, Thermometers, Electric switches, Batteries, Mercury Vapor Lamps, Dentistry. Element Name: Thallium Atomic Symbol: Tl Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Weight: 204.383 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 3 Thallium is a metallic element that was first discovered by William Crookes in 1861. It is a soft, lustrous, silver gray metal. Chemically it resembles aluminum and physically it resembles lead. Uses For Thallium: Insecticides, Electronic Components. Element Name: Lead ìAtomic Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Weight: 207.2 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 4 Lead is a metallic element that has been know to mankind since the beginnings of history. It was used by both the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Lead is silver blue, dense, soft, malleable, and it has low tensile strength. Lead is extremely poisonous over time. The major sources of lead are the ores: Galena, Cerussite, and Anglesite. Uses For Lead: Storage Batteries, Radioactivity shielding, Solder, Plumbing, Paint Pigments, Gasoline anti knock compounds Element Name: Bismuth Atomic Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Weight: 208.9804 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 5 ìBismuth is a metallic element that was discovered by Claud J. Geoffroy in 1753. Bismuth is the second worst heat conductor of all metals (Mercury is the worst). This silver white metal forms poisonous soluble compounds. Uses For Bismuth: Its insoluble compounds are used to treat gastric disorders. Element Name: Polonium ìAtomic Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Weight: (209) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 6 Polonium is a radioactive element that was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie. It is very rare, possessing a total of 34 isotopes - the most of any element. Uses For Polonium: Small portable radiation sources, Static electricity control. Element Name: Astatine Atomic Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Weight: (210) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 7 Astatine is a semimetallic radioactive element discovered by Fred Allison and E.J. Murphy in 1931. It is the heaviest element in the halogen family. Astatine is thought to behave similar chemically to Iodine. Uses For Astatine: Astatine-211 is used as a radioactive tracer. Element Name: Radon Atomic Symbol: Rn Atomic Number: 86 Atomic Weight: (222) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 8 Radon is a gaseous radioactive element that was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1899. It is a colorless, unreactive, inert gas, and the densest of all known gases. It is very radioactive,emitting alpha rays. Uses For Radon: Cancer Treatment. Element Name: Francium Atomic Symbol: Fr ìAtomic Number: 87 Atomic Weight: (223) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 8 1 Francium is a rare radioactive element that was discovered by Marguerite Perey in 1939. It is a by product of the disintegration process of Actinium. It has 21 different isotopes. The isotopes are produced by bombarding thorium with protons, deuterons, or alpha particles. Element Name: Radium Atomic Symbol: Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Weight: 226.0254 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 8 2 Radium is a radioactive metallic element that was discovered by Pierre and Marie Curie in 1898. Radium is a rare, lustrous, white alkaline earth metal. Chemically it has similar properties to barium. It can typically be isolated from uranium ores. As it decays radioactively, it produces alpha, beta, and gamma rays, and emits heat. Uses For Radium: Cancer treatment, Luminous paint. Actinide series elements - #s 89 - 103. Radioactive Rare Earth Elements. Element Name: Unnilquadium Atomic Symbol: Unq Atomic Number: 104 Atomic Weight: (261) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 10 2 Unnilquadium is a manmade radioactive transuranium element. Two claims have been made for its discovery, one by the Soviets at Dubna, and one by the Univ. Of California at Berkeley. Element Name: Unnilpentium Atomic Symbol: Unp Atomic Number: 105 ìAtomic Weight: (262) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 11 2 Unnilpentium is a manmade radioactive transuranium element. Two claims have been made as to its discovery; one by the Soviets at Dubna (1967), and one at the Univ. Of California at Berkeley (1970). Element Name: Unnilhexium Atomic Symbol: Unh Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Weight: (263) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 12 2 Unnilhexium is a manmade radioactive transuranium element. There have been three claims to its discovery, one by the Soviets at Dubna, one by the Lawrence laboratories at Berkeley, and one by the Lawrence Livermore laboratories. All claims were made in 1974. Element Name: Unnilseptium ìAtomic Symbol: Uns Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Weight: (262) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 13 2 Element Name: Unnilennium ìAtomic Symbol: Une Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Weight: (266) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 15 2 Lanthanide Series The Lanthanide series is a series of elements known as the Rare Earth Metals with atomic numbers 58 - 71 in Group IIIb of the Periodic Table. Despite closely resembling Lanthanum and each other in both chemical and physical properties, Lanthanum (#57) is no always considered a member of the series. Element Name: Lanthanum Atomic Symbol: La ìAtomic Number: 57 Atomic Weight: 138.9055 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 18 9 2 Lanthanum is a metallic element that was discovered by C.G. Mossander in 1839. Lanthanum is a silver white, soft, malleable, chemically active rare earth metal. Naturally it occurs in Monazite. Uses For Lanthanum: Ductile cast iron production, Cigarette lighter flints. Element Name: Cerium Atomic Symbol: Ce Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Weight: 140.12 ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 20 8 2 Cerium is a metallic element that was first discovered and reduced to pure form by W.F. Hillebrand and T.H. Norton in 1875. It is iron gray, soft and malleable. Of all the rare earth metals, it is the most abundant. Uses For Cerium: Cigarette lighter flints, The core for Carbon arc lamp electrodes. Element Name: Praseodymium Atomic Symbol: Pr Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Weight: 140.9077 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 21 8 2 Praseodymium is a metallic element that was discovered in 1855 by C.A. von Welsbach. A soft, malleable, ductile silver yellow rare earth metal, it belongs to the Lanthanide series. Uses for Aluminum: Coloring Enamel and Glass, Carbon Arc lamp electrodes. Element Name: Neodymium ìAtomic Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 ìAtomic Weight: 144.24 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 22 8 2 Neodymium is a metallic element discovered by C. A. Von Welsbach in 1885. It is a lustrous silver yellow rare earth metal in the Lanthanide series. Uses for Neodymium: Coloring Eyeglasses, Cigarette lighter flints. Element Name: Promethium Atomic Symbol: Pm Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Weight: (145) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 23 8 2 Promethium is a man made radioactive rare ìearth metal that belongs to the Lanthanide series. It was discovered positively by by J.A. Marinsky and colleagues in 1945. Uses For Promethium: Making phosphorescent materials, Nuclear powered batteries for spcaecraft, and as a radioactive tracer. Element Name: Samarium Atomic Symbol: Sm Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Weight: 150.36 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 24 8 2 Samarium is a rare earth metal that was discovered by P.E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. A rare earth metal of the Lanthanide series, it is lustrous and silver white. Uses For Samarium: Phosphoric alloys in cigarette lighter elements, Computer memory magnets, Nuclear reactor control rods, and high quality miniature speakers. Elemnt Name: Europium Atomic Symbol: Eu Atomic Number: 63 ìAtomic Weight: 151.96 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 25 8 2 ì Europium is a metallic element that was discovered by Eugene Demarcay in 1901. It is a silvery white rare earth metal. Although Europium has physical properties similar to those of the lanthanide series it belongs to, it is chemically similar to calcium. Uses for Europium: Nuclear reactor control rods. Element Name: Gadolinium Atomic Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Weight: 157.25 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 25 9 2 J.C.G de Marignac discovered Gadolinium in 1880. It is a silver white malleable ductile and lustrous rare earth metal. Chiefly it is found in gadolinite, monazite, and bastanite. Gadolinite is paramagnetic at room temperature and it becomes strongly ferromagnetic at room temperature. Element Name: Terbium Atomic Symbol: Tb Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Weight: 158.9254 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 27 8 2 ì Terbium is a silver gray, ductile, malleable, rare earth metal in the lanthanide series that was discovered by C.G. Mossander in 1843. Uses For Terbium: Lasers, Semiconductors, Phosphors for color television picture tubes. Element Name: Dysprosium Atomic Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Weight: 162.50 Electronic Configuration: 22 8 18 30 8 2 Dysprosium is a rare earth metal that was discovered by P.E. Lecoq de Boisbaudran. It is lustrous, silvery, and soft. Use For Dysprosium: Magnetic alloys, Nuclear reactor control rods. Element Name: Holmium Atomic Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Weight: 164.9304 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 29 8 2 Holmium is a soft lustrous silvery rare earth metal that belongs to the lanthanide series. In 1878 and 1879 respectively, it was discovered independantly by J.L. Soret with M. Delafontaine and Per Teodor Cleve. Uses For Holmium: No commercial uses. Element Name: Erbium Atomic Symbol: Er ìAtomic Number: 68 Atomic Weight: 167.26 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 30 8 2 Erbium is a rare earth metal belonging to ìthe Lanthanide series that was discovered by Carl G. Mossander in 1843. It is a silvery malleable metal found in the mineral Gadolinite. Uses For Erbium: Coloring Agent in glazes and glass. Element Name: Thulium Atomic Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Weight: 168.9342 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 31 8 2 Thulium is a rare earth metal belonging to the lanthanide series that was discovered in 1879 by P.T. Cleve. it is a lustrous, ductile, soft and malleable metal. Uses For Thulium: Portable X Ray units. Element Name: Yttrium Atomic Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Weight: 88.9059 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 9 2 ì Yttrium is a metallic element that was first isolated by Freidrich Wohler in 1828. It is a iron gray rare earth metal. Uses For Yttrium: Red Phosphors for color picture tubes. Element Name: Lutetium Atomic Symbol: Lu ìAtomic Number: 71 Atomic Weight: 174.967 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 21 9 2 Lutetium is a metallic element that was discovered independently in 1907 and 1908 respectively by Georges Urbain and Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is a silver white rare earth metal that belongs to the Lanthanide series and is found in Monazite. Uses For Lutetium: Few commercial Uses. Element Name: Atomic Symbol: Atomic Number: Atomic Weight: Electronic Configuration: Actinide Series The Actinide series is a group of radioactive metals with atomic numbers 89 - 103 in Group IIIb of the periodic table. All of these elements have similar chemical properties to Actinium. Those elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 are called the Transuranium Elements. Element Name: Thorium Atomic Symbol: Th Atomic Number: 90 Atomic Weight: 232.0381 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 18 10 2 Throium is a radioactive element discovered by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1828. It is a soft, ductile, lustrous, silver white metal that belongs to the actinide series. It has 12 known isotopes. Uses For Thoriuim: Its potential conversion into Uranium 233 for use in nuclear reactor. Element Name: Protactinium Atomic Symbol: Pa Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Weight: 231.0359 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 20 9 2 Protactinium is a radioactive element that was discovered in 1913 by K. Fajans and O. Gohring. It is a shiny, silver gray, metal with fourteen isotopes that is found in uranium ores. The alpha particle decay of protactinium leads to actinium. Element Name: Uranium Atomic Symbol: U ìAtomic Number: 92 Atomic Weight: 238.0289 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 21 9 2 Uranium is a radioactive metallic element discovered in 1789 by M.H. Klaproth. It is a silver white, hard, malleable, ductile, dense, highly reactive metal. Uranium belongs to the actinide series. Naturally it occurs in the ore pitchblende. Uses For Uranium: Nuclear fuels for weapons and reactors. Element Name: Neptunium Atomic Symbol: Np Atomic Number: 93 Atomic Weight: 237.0482 Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 22 9 2 Neptunium is a radioactive element that was discovered byu by E.M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940. It is a silvery metal that belongs to the actinide series. It is also the first transuranium element. Element Name: Plutonium Atomic Symbol: Pu Atomic Number: 94 Atomic Weight: (244) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 24 8 2 Plutonium is a man made radioactive element. It was first produced in 1940 by Glenn Seaborg and colleagues by deuteron bombardment of uranium oxide. Plutonium is extremely poisonous; it collects in bones and adversely affects the production of white blood cells. Uses For Plutonium: Nuclear reactor and weapn fuel. Element Name: Americium Atomic Symbol: Am Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Weight: (243) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 25 8 2 Americium is a man made radioactive element first created by Glenn Seabirg and colleagues in 1944. It is a silvery white metal that belongs to the Actinide series. Element Name: Curium Atomic Symbol: Cm ìAtomic Number: 96 Atomic Weight: (247) ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 25 9 2 Curium is a syntehetic elemetn created in 1944 by Glenn Seaborg and Colleagues. It is a very radioactive silvery metal in the actinide series. Curium is highly poisonous, accumulating in bones and disrupting red blood cells. Element Name: Berkelium Atomic Symbol: Bk Atomic Number: 97 Atomic Weight: (247) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 27 8 2 Berkelium is a manmade radioactive element discovered by G. Seaborg, S.G. Thompson, and A. Ghiorso in 1949. It belongs to the actinide series and has 9 isotopes. Element Name: Californium Atomic Symbol: Cf Atomic Number: 98 Atomic Weight: (252) ìElectronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 29 8 2 Californium is a man made radioactive element that was first produced in 1950 ìby Glenn Seaborg and colleagues. It is a metallic element and belongs to the actinide series. Uses For Californium: Cf-252 is a neutron source. Element Name: Einsteinium Atomic Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Weight: (254) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 29 8 2 Einsteinium is a radioactive element tht was discovered by A. Ghiorso and colleagues in 1952. Found in residue fromn a thermonuclear explosion, it has since been created by bombarding plutonium with neutrons. Element Name: Fermium Atomic Symbol: Fm ìAtomic Number: 100 Atomic Weight: (257) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 30 8 2 Fermium is a radioactive element that was first discovered by A. Ghiorso and colleagues in 1952. Although its physical properties are largely unknown, its chemical properties are similar to those of the other actinide series members. Element Name: Mendelevium Atomic Symbol: Md Atomic Number: 101 Atomic Weight: (258) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 31 8 2 Mendelevium is a man made element that ìwas detected by A. Ghiorso and Colleagues in 1955. They produced it an atom at a time be alpha particle bombardment of Einsteinium-253. Due to its scarcity, little is known about its properties, hence giving it few uses. Element Name: Nobelium Atomic Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 Atomic Weight: (259) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 8 ì2 Nobelium is a artificial radioactive element that was first produced by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G. Seaborg in 1958. It is a transuranium element that belongs to the actinide series with seven known isotopes. Element Name: Lawrencium Atomic Symbol: Lr Atomic Number: 103 Atomic Weight: (260) Electronic Configuration: 2 8 18 32 32 9 2 Lawrencium is a radioactive element that was first discovered by A. Ghiorso and colleagues in 1961. It belongs to the actinide series. Atomic Number ì ì The Atomic Number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of the element. The Periodic table is arranged in order of increasing Atomic Weights. The atomic number is often represented by the symbol Z. Atomic Symbol ì ì The Atomic Symbol of an element is simply the one, two, or ì three, letter symbol assigned to represent a particular element. Atomic Symbols make it much easier to write chemical equations for chemical reactions. For example, instead of writing: 2 Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water They can write: ì ì 2 H + O = H20 Actually the '2' above after the '= H' should be subscripted but ... Atomic Weight ì ì Atomic Weight is the vmean of the masses of all the naturally occurring wisotopes of a chemical element. Atomic weight is measured in y xamu. An amu has been officially defined as exactly 1/12 of the mass of a Carbon-12 atom. ì ì Related Terms: Atomic Mass: The atomic mass of is the mass of any particular isotope of an element. Weighted Average. An isotope is a special case of one or ì more atoms having the same atomic number ì but different atomic weight and mass ì number. Isotopes of an element have identical chemical properties but slightly different physical properties. Most known elements have both stable and radioactive isotopes. Atomic Mass Units amu Electronic Configuration ì ì The electronic configuration of an element is arrangement of ì the atomic particles known as electrons in an atom of any given element. Electrons are arranged in a series of ì "orbitals" or energy levels around an atom. ì For example if an electron configuration of: {2 8 9 2 is given that means that there are: 2 electrons in the first orbital. 8 electrons in the second orbital. 9 electrons in the third orbital. 2 electrons in the fourth orbital. The element Scandium. The Periodic Table The Periodic Table is a tool that is designed to show the periodic recurrences between the chemical and physical properties of the elements. In a Periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing Atomic numbers. The PT is arranged into vertical columns or groups and horizontal rows called periods. Columns The columns are numbered from I to VIII with a ending group numbered 0. Each column is then broken down into two ì categories or families called respectively the ' }a series' ì and the ' ~b series' All elements in a particular group have the same number of Valence electrons and also have similar chemical properties. Rows Each horizontal row of the table is called a period, and all elements in a particular period have the same number of electron shells. The number of electrons in these shells equals the elements atomic number and thus increases from left to right. The order of each period is as follows: Lighter metals on the right, heavier metals in the middle, and non metals on the right. This order makes apparent the class of elements that fall between the metals and the nonmetals; the metalloids. Names Group Ia Elements - Alkali Metals. Group IIa Elements - Alkaline Earth Metals. Group VIIa Elements - The Halogens Group 0 Elements - The Inert Gases. The representative or main group elements. The transition or subgroup elements. This periodic table was created by: J. Scott Johnson NTERGAID Inc. November 30, 1987
